{"id":7716,"date":"2012-12-15T10:22:02","date_gmt":"2012-12-15T10:22:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/atif.unaldi.org\/blog\/2012\/12\/15\/turkiyede-internet-tarihi\/"},"modified":"2012-12-15T10:22:02","modified_gmt":"2012-12-15T10:22:02","slug":"turkiyede-internet-tarihi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/atif.unaldi.org\/blog\/2012\/12\/15\/turkiyede-internet-tarihi\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrkiye'de Internet tarihi"},"content":{"rendered":"

http:\/\/www.internetarsivi.metu.edu.tr\/tarihce.php<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’de Internet<\/h1>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

1. D\u00fcnyada Internet’in geli\u015fimi <\/strong> D\u00fcnyada Internet’in k\u0131sa tarih\u00e7esine bak\u0131lacak olursa, ilk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n (paket anahtarlamal\u0131 a\u011f) 1969 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD Savunma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’nda ARPANet’in kurulmas\u0131 ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Daha sonraki s\u00fcre\u00e7te, ayn\u0131 a\u011f \u00fczerinde geli\u015ftirilen TCP\/IP (Transmission Control Protocol\/Internet Protocol) protokol\u00fc, 1983 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren ARPANet \u00fczerinde kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk Internet omurga a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 ise 1986 y\u0131l\u0131nda NSFNet (National Science Foundation – Ulusal Bilim Vakf\u0131) taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu s\u00fcreci takiben, Internet’in halka a\u00e7\u0131k hale gelmesi 1989 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra olmu\u015f; 1990 Haziran’\u0131nda TCP\/IP’nin ilk kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u011f olan ARPANet’in kullan\u0131mdan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen bu a\u011f\u0131n yerini ABD, Avrupa, Japonya ve Pasifik \u00fclkelerinde ticari ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet i\u015fletimindeki omurgalar (backbone) alm\u0131\u015f, TCP\/IP protokol\u00fc ve Internet 90’l\u0131 y\u0131llardan itibaren b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ivme kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Internet’in ticari anlamdaki geli\u015fimi ise 1991 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren olmu\u015ftur.
\nAyn\u0131 y\u0131llarda, Internet’in T\u00fcrkiye’ye geli\u015fi s\u00fcrecine bak\u0131lacak olursa; ilk geni\u015f alan a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, 1986 y\u0131l\u0131nda tesis edilen EARN (European Academic and Research Network)\/BITNET (Because It’s Time Network) ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 T\u00dcVEKA (T\u00fcrkiye \u00dcniversiteler ve Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumlar\u0131 A\u011f\u0131) oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u0130lerleyen y\u0131llarda bu a\u011f\u0131n hat kapasitesinin yetersiz kalmas\u0131 ve teknolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan ihtiya\u00e7lara cevap verememeye ba\u015flamas\u0131 \u00fczerine, 1991 y\u0131l\u0131 sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru ODT\u00dc ve T\u00dcB\u0130TAK, Internet teknolojilerini kullanan yeni bir a\u011f\u0131n tesis edilmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bir proje ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede ilk deneysel ba\u011flant\u0131 1992 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Ekim ay\u0131nda X.25 \u00fczerinden Hollanda’ya yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; PTT’ye 1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan ba\u015fvurunun sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131n\u0131 takiben, 12 Nisan 1993’de de 64 Kbps kapasiteli kiral\u0131k hat ile, ODT\u00dc Bilgi \u0130\u015flem Daire Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sistem salonundaki y\u00f6nlendiriciler kullan\u0131larak, ABD’de NSFNet (National Science Foundation Network)’e TCP\/IP protokolu \u00fczerinden T\u00fcrkiye’nin ilk Internet ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki paragraflarda Internet’in d\u00fcnyadaki geli\u015fim s\u00fcreci, ilk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 1969 y\u0131l\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak, Internet’in b\u00fcy\u00fck ivme kazanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu 1991 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar olan zaman dilimi i\u00e7inde detayland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.
\nInternet’in ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 Amerikan Federal H\u00fck\u00fcmeti Savunma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve geli\u015ftirme kolu olan ‘Savunma \u0130leri D\u00fczey Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Projeleri Kurumu’na (DARPA-Defence Advanced Research Project Agency) dayanmaktad\u0131r. 1969 y\u0131l\u0131nda Amerikan Savunma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgisayar bilimlerini ve \u00e7e\u015fitli askeri ara\u015ft\u0131rma projelerini desteklemek i\u00e7in ARPANET ad\u0131nda Paket Anahtarlamal\u0131 A\u011f’\u0131 olu\u015fturmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve bu a\u011f, ABD’deki \u00fcniversite ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik tipteki bilgisayarlar\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7ererek b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (1969-1977 aras\u0131ndaki y\u0131llara g\u00f6re ba\u011flant\u0131 haritalar\u0131 http:\/\/som.csudh.edu\/cis\/lpress\/history\/arpamaps\/<\/a> adresinde, ARPANET ile ilgili video g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri http:\/\/www.funet.fi\/index\/FUNET\/history\/internet\/en\/arpanet.html<\/a> adresinde yer almaktad\u0131r). Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te a\u011f i\u00e7in bir protokol seti geli\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla Stanford \u00dcniversitesi’nde 1973 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir internetworking projesi ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk e-posta adres format\u0131 ve telnet protokolunun RFC (Request For Comments) dok\u00fcman\u0131 1972 y\u0131l\u0131nda; ftp protokolunun RFC dok\u00fcman\u0131 1973 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nYerel alan a\u011f\u0131 protokol\u00fc olan Ethernet ilk kez 1974 y\u0131l\u0131nda Harvard \u00dcniversitesindeki bir \u00f6\u011frenci taraf\u0131ndan ortaya konulmu\u015f ancak ilk anda yeterince analitik olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle reddedilmi\u015f, fakat daha sonra ilave edilen \u00f6zellikleri ile \u00fcniversite taraf\u0131ndan kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.
\n1977-1978 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Ethernet ve TCP\/IP (Transmission Control Protocol\/Internet Protocol) \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sonras\u0131nda geli\u015ftirilen protokol 1980 y\u0131l\u0131nda ARPANet \u00fczerinde kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f ve bu sayede a\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 bilgisayarlar aras\u0131ndaki ileti\u015fim kolay bi\u00e7imde yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonra 1983 y\u0131l\u0131nda t\u00fcm ARPANET a\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde kullan\u0131lmakta olan NCP (Network Control Protocol)’den TCP\/IP’ye ge\u00e7ilmi\u015f ve ayn\u0131 y\u0131l TCP\/IP, ARPANET’i de i\u00e7eren Savunma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Internet’inde kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere standartla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1984 y\u0131l\u0131nda Unix i\u015fletim sistemi ticari olarak kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131yla birlikte, ayn\u0131 y\u0131l TCP\/IP Unix \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r duruma gelmi\u015f, Unix \u00fczerinde DNS ile ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. DNS \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n tamamlanmas\u0131 4 y\u0131l gibi uzun bir s\u00fcrece yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n1986 y\u0131l\u0131nda Internet eri\u015fimi i\u00e7in 56 Kbps omurga \u00fczerinde NSFNet (National Science Foundation) kurulmu\u015f, ticari kullan\u0131mlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n (ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, h\u00fck\u00fcmet, vb.) kullan\u0131m\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. E-mail, FTP ve telnet protokollerinin standartlar\u0131 olu\u015fturulmu\u015f, teknik olmayan ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan kolay kullan\u0131l\u0131r \u015fekle d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Internet’in ilk kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fcniversiteler, ara\u015ft\u0131rma kurumlar\u0131 ve k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerdir. Kurulan a\u011f \u00fczerinde bilgi\/dosya\/ar\u015fiv payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar 1989 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. FTP sitelerinin ar\u015fivlerinin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131na ve bilginin Internet \u00fczerinde payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na olanak sa\u011flayan Archie sistemi, 1989 y\u0131l\u0131nda Montreal McGill Universitesinde geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f ancak USA ve Kanada aras\u0131ndaki trafi\u011fin yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 Archie’nin olu\u015fturmas\u0131 nedeniyle \u00fcniversitedeki sistemin y\u00fck\u00fc art\u0131nca \u00fcniversite Archie’yi d\u0131\u015f eri\u015fime kapatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131llarda Thinking Machines, Corp. taraf\u0131ndan veritabanlar\u0131ndaki full text dosyalar\u0131n indekslenmesine ve Internet \u00fczerinden tarama yap\u0131labilmesine olanak sa\u011flayan WAIS (Wide Area Information Server) geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Daha sonra, 1991 y\u0131l\u0131nda Minnesota \u00dcniversitesi’nde Internet \u00fczerindeki bilgilere ve dosyalara bir men\u00fc sistemi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla eri\u015filmesini sa\u011flayan ve istemci\/sunucu (client\/server) mimarisi \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan gopher sistemi geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f, bunu s\u0131ras\u0131yla Veronica (Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Netwide Index to Computerized Archives), JUGHEAD (Jonzy’s Universal Gopher Hierarchy Excavation And Display) sistemleri izlemi\u015ftir.
\n\u00d6te yandan, Internet \u00fczerindeki bilgi\/dosya ve ar\u015fivlere kolay ve h\u0131zl\u0131 eri\u015fimin sa\u011flanabilmesi amac\u0131yla 1989 y\u0131l\u0131nda CERN’de (European Laboratory for Particle Physics) bir ba\u015fka \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma daha sonra 1991 y\u0131l\u0131nda www (World Wide Web) protokol\u00fc ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1993 y\u0131l\u0131nda National Center For Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) taraf\u0131ndan bu protokol \u00fczerince \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan grafik aray\u00fczl\u00fc bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m olan Mosaic geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f; bu taray\u0131c\u0131y\u0131 daha sonra Netscape, vb. gibi taray\u0131c\u0131lar izlemi\u015ftir.
\n2. ODT\u00dc-B\u0130DB’de Bili\u015fim Altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n Tarih\u00e7esi (1964-2004) <\/strong>
\n1964 <\/strong><\/p>\n